Slip a couple of rubber bands around the extensions. Keep your hand behind them while you ride. You can roll them back and forth while riding to find where would be the best place to cut the bars. Then just stick the shifters in the end.
I see you have the stupid Shiv extensions that don’t adjust. Specialized now make a simple set of collars that allow rotation and fore/aft adjustment of the bars. It looks like u need to shorten the bars a bit more. I would saw away knowing that you can throw those stupid bars in the trash if they don’t work
I like the shifters to be right in your hand so that you barely have to move your arm to shift. This will ‘encourage’ you to shift more often, which is a good thing.
The hand position relative to the shifters in your photo looks pretty good to me.
It looks a touch high to me, but it is hard to tell from a static picture. Ankle motion can change the knee angle. Have someone ride behind you and have them look to see if your hips rock side to side. That is a sure sign of too high. Soreness behind the knee is another indicator.
I would recommend a bike fit, but I haven’t personally found them very useful.
Yes, it’s all personal preference. Heck, I found I didn’t like my wrist angle using S bends and swapped out my OEM extensions for ski bends. I have small hands so I cut about 1" off the ends and may cut another 1/2" when I recable my shifters some time in April.